We Need Pete Seeger Now More Than Ever

Wikimedia Commons

At the opening to this year’s Great Hudson River Revival, a music festival an hour north of Manhattan that was founded by the late Pete and Toshi Seeger 40 years ago and emphasizes environmental activism, I think it might have been either folksinger Josh White Jr. or Tom Chapin who invoked the words “a musical antibody for a political virus” while leading a few thousand people in song. Participatory group singing has always been the calling card of the Seeger clan and their extended family, and that spirit continues.

Pete Seeger had said that “No one can prove a damn thing, but I think that singing together gives people some kind of a holy feeling. And it can happen whether they’re atheists, or whoever. You feel like, ‘Gee, we’re all together.’ I like the sound of average voices more than trained voices, especially kids singing a little off pitch. They have a nice, rascally sound.” (New York Times)

June 18, 2018: McAllen, Texas — Inside an old warehouse in South Texas, hundreds of children wait in a series of cages created by metal fencing. One cage had 20 children inside. Scattered about are bottles of water, bags of chips and large foil sheets intended to serve as blankets. More than 1,100 people were inside the large, dark facility that’s divided into separate wings for unaccompanied children, adults on their own, and mothers and fathers with children. The cages in each wing open out into common areas to use portable restrooms. The overhead lighting in the warehouse stays on around the clock. Stories have spread of children being torn from their parents’ arms, and parents not being able to find where their kids have gone. A group of congressional lawmakers visited the same facility Sunday and were set to visit a longer-term shelter holding around 1,500 children — many of whom were separated from their parents. (Associated Press)

Throughout Father’s Day weekend as I wandered through the festival grounds, it was hard to tamp down the taste of bile emanating from the actions of a despicable and morally bankrupt administration that has ripped to shreds the values and morals of our great land. And yes, while a folk festival is indeed a clustered group of mostly white progressives, and despite the shortcomings of inclusion, it still felt like a better place to spend a hot summer day. As the sweet sounds came pouring from the stages, there were many musicians raising their voices and sharing their anger and frustration, occasionally tempered with hope. At a small workshop beneath a tent, Rhiannon Giddens spoke a harsh truth: “If you want to know what’s happening today, don’t read newspapers. Read the history books.” This song seemed fitting for the day: “Mal Hombre.”

Willie Nelson has issued a statement on the separation of immigrant children from their parents at the U.S.-Mexico border. The country-music icon and Texas native ripped the Department of Justice’s policy under President Trump. “What’s going on at our Southern border is outrageous. Christians everywhere should be up in arms. What happened to ‘Bring us your tired and weak and we will make them strong?’ This is still the promise land,” Nelson says, citing lyrics from songwriter David Lynn Jones’ “Living in the Promiseland.” (Rolling Stone)

Willie does not stand alone.

Singer Sara Bareilles wrote: “I am so sad and feel so helpless about the families being separated. This is beyond inhumane … I am just appalled. I am grateful for those sharing how to engage and help, thank God for you. The idea that there is anyone who believes this is justice is simply heartbreaking.” When House Speaker Paul Ryan sent out a “Happy Father’s Day” message, singer John Legend replied: “Seriously, f**k you. Reunite the families at the border and we can talk about father’s day.” (Channel 3000)

I imagine that many of you would rather read about the Dave Alvin and Jimmie Dale Gilmore set at the festival — it was better than I could possibly have imagined, and the new album has been No. 1 on the Billboard Blues Chart since its release. And there were a few dozen other singers and bands I had been looking forward to hearing that didn’t disappoint. And maybe I could have shared a little about the concert I saw earlier in the week with Steve Earle, Lucinda Williams, and Dwight Yoakam. It could have been a great week for music, but much of it was buried under sadness for the families torn apart.

June 19, 2018: A group of more than 600 United Methodist clergy and church members are bringing church law charges against Attorney General Jeff Sessions over the Trump administration’s “zero tolerance” immigration crackdown. The group accuses Sessions, a fellow United Methodist, of violating Paragraph 270.3 of the denomination’s Book of Discipline. He is charged under church law with child abuse, immorality, racial discrimination and “dissemination of doctrines contrary to the standards of doctrine of the United Methodist Church.” (NBC News)

“The world is like a seesaw out of balance: on one side is a box of big rocks, tilting it its way. On the other side is a box, and a bunch of us with teaspoons, adding a little sand at a time. One day, all of our teaspoons will add up, and the whole thing will tip, and people will say, ‘How did it happen so fast?’ ”

— Pete Seeger

This article was originally published as an Easy Ed’s Broadside column over at No Depression: The Journal of Roots Music.

Writer’s Block Special: Gene Krupa, The Borscht Belt and Waffle House

Drummerworld.com/Modified by Prisma

Let me state the obvious at the outset: I got nothing for you. Total writer’s block. Spent the last few weeks immersed in reading four Elmore Leonard novels from the 1970s and have been binge-watching murder and mayhem on Netflix from all over the globe. I also have Movie Pass, the service which allows me to go out and see one film each day for only ten bucks a month, and although it’s yet to become a daily addiction, it fills up my time. And then there’s my soundtrack of late: old time jazz, primarily between the twenties and forties. Punch Miller, the Arkansas Travellers, Gus Arnheim, Kid Ory, Sidney Bechet, The Goofus Five, Buster Bailey, and on and on. Over time I’ve also developed an appreciation for Benny Goodman, especially when he had Gene Krupa hittin’ the skins.

Up until the other day I had no idea that Krupa is credited with inventing the rimshot. A percussion technique on the snare drum that’s sometimes followed by a crash on the cymbal, it is described as “ba-dam tsss’” and has been often used to accentuate the punchline of a joke. It’s applied liberally by every late night talk show host during their monologues, and its roots are traced back to the great old summer resorts of the Catskill Mountains in New York, when the primarily Jewish comedians of the Borscht Belt would entertain with a style of rapid-fire one-liners. No drums here, but a great example nevertheless.

On an unrelated topic, John Travolta returned to Brooklyn this week to promote his new film about gangster John Gotti. He visited Lenny’s Pizza on 86th Street, which was featured in the opening shot of Saturday Night Fever, and was honored by having a slice named after him. There was a large crowd that waited for hours to get an autograph or a selfie with the actor, and he showed up wearing a white leisure suit. A local politician made a speech and said Travolta’s performance in the 1977 film culturally put Brooklyn on the map. (I seriously doubt that.)

And finally on not stayin’ alive, I was a fan of writer and chef Anthony Bourdain’s television programs, and his death has shaken me. Rolling Stone‘s website paid tribute to his “numerous encounters with musicians” that were featured on his shows and it’s an excellent read. He carried a certain rhythm in his speech that I often found as comforting to listen to as the food he spoke of, and watching Parts Unknown was always an experience that seemed to bring faraway places and the people who live there a little bit closer to me. Never met him and didn’t know him, but he had that rare quality of being able to share both his fearlessness and fear. An imperfect man in an imperfect world. A non-comedic rimshot, a fade to black.

This article was originally published as an Easy Ed’s Broadside column over at No Depression: The Journal of Roots Music.

Americana and Roots Music Videos: RPM 3

Museum of Applied Art

An occasional series of Americana and roots music videos. Sharing new discoveries, and revisiting old friends.

Surfing in the digital stream and scouring YouTube for new music, old tunes and whatever I can find of interest. Here’s a few things that caught my eyes and ears this season.

Amilia K Spicer

Amilia’s Wow and Flutter, which was released last year, is full of earworms. Calling her music “red-dirt noir,” she co-produced it with multi-instrumentalist Steve McCormick and put together with the help of friends like Eric Heywood on pedal steel, Tony Gilkyson and Gurf Morlix on guitars, Dylan/Stones bassist Daryl Johnson, and Wallflower/Foo Fighter Rami Jaffee on keyboards. Last week when I told her I couldn’t stop listening to it, she said “Yay! The Glue Album!” And so here we are: tunes that stick like bubblegum on a hot asphalt highway. We’ll kick it off with a live version of Spicer’s “Windchill” and then a video she directed and produced for “Fill Me Up.”

The Tillers

The Tillers‘ self-titled album came out last March and is their fifth in ten years. Based in Cincinnati, they started out playing the great folk classics of the ’50s and ’60s, busking on the corners and playing bars that pass around a hat for tips. Over time they have developed into a super-tight stringband that doesn’t strictly adhere to one genre or another. They often sound like old-time Appalachian, other times they’re the Ramones on acid. They gotta love Iris DeMent’s quote: “The Tillers … I could sit and listen to them all night long!”

Pat Reedy & The Longtime Goners 

Pat Reedy is another musician who started out busking, making a name for himself on the streets of New Orleans. He put out a couple of albums with the Longtime Goners of great Cajun-style country before moving to Nashville and morphing into a band of honky-tonk outlaws. He’s an unabashed day-job construction worker who happens to write some great songs, and this summer he and the band are on the road promoting That’s All There Is (And There Ain’t Anymore).

Little Jimmy Dickens and the Columbia Classics Series

I’m going to close this out with two more tunes that each come from older compilations. The first is a Little Jimmy Dickens song that comes from the second volume of the five-disc Columbia Country Classics series. Born in Bolt, West Virginia, and standing at four-foot-eleven, he started out performing as Jimmy The Kid before he was discovered by Roy Acuff and signed to Columbia Records. He was a longtime member of the Grand Ole Opry, joining in 1948 and making his final appearance just weeks before he passed away at age 94. Along with Hank Williams, Minnie Pearl, and her husband Henry Cannon, he co-wrote “Hey Good Lookin’” sitting on an airplane in 1951. Only Williams got the songwriting credit.

Dave Rawlings Machine

Back in 2014 there was a one-night-only concert in New York’s Town Hall that was released as a film documentary along with a soundtrack album titled Another Day, Another Time: Celebrating the Music of Inside Llewyn Davis. It was far better than the original fictionalized feature film depicting a ’60s folksinger, and featured a ton of musicians, including Gillian Welch and Dave Rawlings, the Punch Brothers, Elvis Costello, Jack White, Joan Baez, and Marcus Mumford, and it was produced by T Bone Burnett. For me, this is the standout track, and in these unsettling times, one that really sticks.

his article was originally published as an Easy Ed’s Broadside column over at No Depression: The Journal of Roots Music.

Many of my past columns, articles, and essays can be accessed here at my own site, therealeasyed.com. I also aggregate news and videos on both Flipboard and Facebook as The Real Easy Ed: Americana and Roots Music Daily. My Twitter handle is @therealeasyed and my email address is easyed@therealeasyed.com.

Country Blues in Black and White

Big Bill Broonzy/udiscovermusic.com

Over one billion hours of content are viewed each day on YouTube according to Alexa Internet, a web traffic analysis company. They’ve also calculated that over four hundred hours of new content are uploaded to the site each minute of every day. And while those numbers don’t really surprise me, it’s hard for me to believe that the site only launched 13 years ago since it’s become such an integral part of my life. Whether it’s for news, entertainment, research, music, or simply sheer boredom, it’s a rabbit hole that leads me from one video to another and a timesuck that makes me wonder how I could have possibly lived without it.

This past April a music video titled “Despacito” by Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee became the most-watched video at over five billion views. Justin Bieber is the only musician who has had five videos seen over a billion times each. Others who’ve surpassed that billion-view mark more than once include Katy Perry, Taylor Swift, Adele, Ed Sheeran, Shakira, and Bruno Mars, to name but a few. Bob Dylan doesn’t make the top 100 list, nor do The Beatles, Stones, Elvis, Garth, Prince, Tom Petty, Neil Young, or obviously anything in the Americana or roots music genres. But popularity isn’t what makes YouTube so special; it’s all about infinite variety.

A few nights ago I came across a music documentary produced by BBC Four, a British television channel whose primary role is to reflect a range of UK and international arts, music, and culture. Folk America was first televised in March 2012 and it comes in three episodes: Birth of a Nation, This Land is Your Land, and Blowin’ In The Wind. I’d seen it a few years ago but decided to watch it again since they offer footage that is rarely seen. If you search for it you’ll find that it has been uploaded in a number of different configurations, from the complete program to a series of ten-minute clips.

I’ve always been enchanted by country blues, the acoustic variety that was made by rural African-Americans in the South during the 1920s and ’30s. After being recorded by folklorists like the late John Lomax and labels such as Paramount and Okeh, most of the musicians faded away from the public until the folk and blues revival in the early ’60s brought them back to the attention of a younger white audience. Appearances at the Newport Folk Festival, Pete Seeger’s Rainbow Quest television show, and other venues were caught on film, and although they don’t quite have the popularity of Mr. Bieber or Ms. Swift, they share the same space on YouTube and wait patiently to be discovered.

Falling down that crazy rabbit hole again, these live performances are a few of my favorites that aren’t meant to be definitive but rather reflective of the times. If you’re interested in learning more about the music, there are a few resources I can suggest. Check out the Smithsonian Folkways site, Ranker’s Top 40 songs, and this site dedicated to contemporary acoustic blues that also offers some interesting historical essays and references.

This article was originally published as an Easy Ed’s Broadside column over at No Depression: The Journal of Roots Music.

This is America: Folk Music from Childish Gambino

This is America/Video by Childish Gambino

On the morning of May 5, a Saturday, I woke up at the crack of dawn, made a pot of coffee, had a bowl of cereal, took a shower, got dressed, and went to work. After standing on my feet for over eight hours I drove back home, played guitar for a bit, made myself a small meal and did a fine imitation of a potato laying on a couch while binge-watching Norwegian crime noir on Netflix. When it was time for Saturday Night Live to begin broadcasting, I put it on, watched the cold opening and saw that the host was Donald Glover. I had no clue as to who he is or what he does. The jokes during the monologue failed to make me laugh, so I turned it off and went to sleep.

I would not identify myself as a fan of hip-hop music, but it is not an unknown nor unpleasant genre to my ears. Most of my exposure runs from the mid-’70s to the turn of the century, and after then I sort of lost interest. In all candor, I don’t understand most of the lyrics, the bass-heavy beats can’t compete with the whine of a pedal steel guitar, and I’m completely turned off by the misogyny. But I don’t exactly fit within the demographic and I’d guess that neither do you. While we easily praise and acknowledge the African-American contribution and influence to roots music, hip-hop remains largely ignored by this audience.

Donald Glover is a graduate of New York University, a writer for 30 Rock, an actor on the sitcom Community, and the creator, star, and occasional director of Atlanta, a series on FX. An Emmy and Golden Globe winner, he has appeared in several films, will provide the voice of Simba in the Lion King remake,and will play Lando Calrissian in Solo: A Star Wars Story. His music career began as a DJ and producer, putting out DYI mixtapes beginning in 2008 under the name mcDJ, and he performs under the stage name Childish Gambino with three albums and a few Grammy nominations under his belt.

While Glover hosted SNL and I slept, he debuted a new song, “This Is America,” which he co-wrote and co-produced with his long-time partner Ludwig Göransson. They simultaneously released a music video directed by Hiro Murai and in 24 hours it was viewed 12,900,000 times. Ten days later, as I sit here writing this, that number is now 123,622,585 and the song debuted at number one on Billboard’sHot 100. If you haven’t yet seen it, I won’t dare spoil the experience by going too deep, but I will warn that this is a violent representation of violent times in America. It is rich in texture, with multiple storylines that create a surreal atmosphere that takes repeated views to capture the various movements and symbolization.

Hip-hop has long ago surpassed traditional folk music when it comes to creating influential protest music for a mass audience. It’s as powerful as anything I’ve ever heard, and as I watch “This Is America” it takes me right back to the first time I heard people like Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Joan Baez, and the early work of Bob Dylan. This is a passing of the baton, this is the new folk music.

Postscript: For those interested in exploring the context and meaning of this video, there have already been a number of articles written and videos posted that will help guide you through it. Inside Edition offers an in-depth video explanation from Dr. Lori Brooks, a professor of African and African-American Studies at Fordham University. Time Magazine enlisted Guthrie Ramsey, a professor of music history at the University of Pennsylvania for its coverage.

This article was originally published as an Easy Ed’s Broadside column over at No Depression: The Journal of Roots Music.

Gospel Americana and That Old-Time Religion

Collage by Easy Ed

The small town of Ferriday, Louisiana, has produced two celebrities who happen to be cousins. You likely know that one is Jerry Lee Lewis, whose nickname is “The Killer” and is considered one of the pioneers of rock and roll music, while the other is televangelist Jimmy Lee Swaggart. In the ’50s, when Sam Phillips’ Sun Records was recording Jerry Lee, he also offered a contract to Jimmy Lee to kick off a new gospel label. He declined, citing a calling to preach, and by the late-’80s his weekly televised revival was featured on more than 3,000 stations around the world. An excellent singer and pianist, in the mid-’70s he began releasing gospel recordings that earned him quite a few Dove Awards and Grammy nominations.

We’ll get back to him later.

When I was just a little boy the devil did not call my name, but my parents sent me off to Hebrew school so I could learn the Torah and prepare for my bar mitzvah, a rite of passage when one turns 13. After the big event I didn’t continue with my religious education and spent most of my adult life declaring myself an atheist. But as strange as it sounds for an unsaved nonbeliever, heathen, and sinner such as I, the sound and glory of gospel music reached my ears when I was in my early 20s and I’ve always kept it close at hand.

Although I have no interest in getting too academic here, gospel and spiritual songs are largely an American-made type of music, albeit down racial lines. According to the New World Encyclopedia, “The relationship between the origins of white and African American gospel music is a matter of some controversy. Some argue that gospel music is rooted in Africa and was brought to the Americas by slaves. However, gospel harmonies and many of the hymns themselves also show a clear Scottish influence. Although white and black gospel singing may have grown up side by side and cross-fertilized to a great extent in the South, the sharp racial division in the United States, particularly between black and white churches, has kept the two apart. While those divisions have lessened slightly in the past 50 years, the two traditions are still distinct.”

Thomas A. Dorsey, the son of a Georgia Baptist preacher was originally a blues and ragtime jazz composer and singer. Often referred to as the “father of black Gospel music,” he is credited with teaming up with Mahalia Jackson — herself influenced by blues singer Bessie Smith — to bring the rhythm and energy of secular music into the church, and they formed the National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses, which is still thriving today.

In the late ’20s, gospel music began getting recorded and released by folks such as the Carter Family and Blind Willie Johnson. Within a few years, the Grand Ole Opry began to feature bluegrass and traditional gospel singing, while pioneering urban gospel performers gained popularity among black audiences. As the recordings became a solid revenue stream for record labels, distinct subgenres began to appear. Here are a few clips that reflect the various styles.

The Stanley Brothers

The Five Blind Boys of Alabama

Blackwood Brothers with JD Sumner

Sister Rosetta Tharpe

It’s hard to escape the influence that gospel music has had on almost every form of American roots and popular music. It’s always fascinated me that some of the greatest spirituals have been performed by pill-poppin’ and bottle drinkin’ fornicators and sinners, and there is a long list of those who have easily crossed that highway. Little Richard and Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash and Sam Cooke quickly come to mind.

Which brings me back to the aforementioned Jimmy Lee Swaggart.

In February 1988 Swaggart admitted to his audience that he had sinned, and was suspended by the Assemblies of God for sexual immorality. Because they felt he wasn’t repentant enough, he was defrocked. Two years later, now an independent Pentacostal preacher, he was found in the company of a prostitute for the second time. Instead of offering yet another public apology, he stood on the pulpit and declared “The Lord told me it’s flat none of your business.”

On my own spiritual path, somewhere along the way I’ve moved from atheism to becoming a reluctant agnostic. Ceremonial trappings, century-old traditions, preachers on television with toll-free numbers on the screen, and the hypocrisy of those who espouse family values yet embrace politicians who ritually lie, cheat, and steal will not cause me to repent nor accept a savior. But to each their own. Nature, emotion, art, and music in all its glorious forms are my higher power. And I say amen to that.

This article was originally published as an Easy Ed’s Broadside column over at No Depression: The Journal of Roots Music.

I Got The John Prine Rabbit Foot Blues

Photo by David McClister/Billboard.com

I can remember a hot summer day in 1961 when the trucks and cars towing shiny Airstream trailers with exotic license plates from states like Florida, Alabama, and Georgia pulled into the massive parking lot of the local shopping center just down the street from our house in Philadelphia. My friends and I sat on our bikes and watched with anticipatory excitement and awe as men with tattoos on their muscular forearms and exotic-looking women who all seemed to have long flowing black hair worked in tandem to rapidly set up the midway rides, food stands, games, and a main stage.

This carnival had no tents, and the shows were performed for free under the stars by clowns, acrobats, a bearded lady, Siamese twins, and The Elastic Man. The latter stood over seven feet tall and couldn’t have weighed more than 90 pounds, yet he would fold himself up and fit into a child’s red covered wagon that would barely hold a medium-sized dog. There was also a live band that featured two male singers, and while I can’t confirm it, I’ve always believed it was the Brooklyn-based duo Don and Juan, who coincidentally recorded for the Bigtop label. I recall they covered all the current hits, and finished the set with their own top ten song.

From early morning to late at night, a few of us hung out with the carny folks, running errands or doing simple jobs. We were given free passes for the rides, had our fortunes told by some of the women, and soaked up a lifestyle and language unlike anything we’d ever experienced. They were only there for a few days, but it was long enough to put the thought in my head that I was going to run away and join them.

We had all grown up watching Circus Boy on our small black and white televisions, a show that starred future Monkees drummer Micky Dolenz playing the part of Corky, an orphaned kid who was adopted by Joey the Clown. On the morning after the last performance, I ran down the street to the shopping center carrying a small bag of clothes and found an empty parking lot. I was heartbroken, and other than the vivid memories I still carry with me, all I had to show for it was a rabbit’s foot on a keychain that I won in a stupid game. Put it into my pocket every day for years.

Unlike most people I know, there is no real or imaginary bucket list that I’ve come up with of things to do before I die. No exotic places I want to visit, no desire to skydive or walk on red hot coals, no particular women I want to date (that’s a lie), no dreams I need fulfilled. I’ve got some regrets for sure, and what comes to mind around the subject of music are the concerts I never went to and the musicians I never got to see.

It’s a short list: I was close to going to Woodstock with my friend and neighbor David, but my parents stopped me at the last minute. He went alone and came back with some crazy bug that laid him up in the hospital for a few weeks, so I was sort of okay with missing it. I never saw the Beatles play together, although over time I managed to catch three out of four and had lunch with Paul once. I was on my way to see Elvis Presley one night but made a quick stop at a record release party for Patti Smith. I never left. She was transformational, he was soon dead. Had a ticket to see Springsteen in 1975 at a small theater and was approached by a girl who said she’d do anything to get in. Half-joking I said “two hundred dollars” and she quickly counted out the dough and I was fine with it. Managed to see Leonard Cohen on his final tour, and last year scored tickets for a Gillian and Dave show.

A John Prine concert was the last must-see event I’ve had on my mind for some time, and last February I was fortunate to buy a ticket at face value for the first night of his tour: Friday, April 13th, Radio City Music Hall, New York. Center stage, second mezzanine, aisle seat. It was the day his first new album in ten years would be released, and everyone in the audience was to be given a free CD. Sturgill Simpson was opening and Brandi Carlile would join Prine’s band. While they were in town he taped The Late Show with Stephen Colbert.

Eight days before the show I got sick. Very sick. My lungs filled with fluid, my doctor pumped me up with steroids and antibiotics, and I stayed home from the day job to rest. As time passed with little improvement, I remembered that old rabbit’s foot and wished I still had it. On Friday the 13th I woke up, made a pot of tea, and with a couple of clicks on the keyboard I sold my ticket and went back to bed. Rolling Stone posted an online review of the concert that I read the next morning:

Friday night’s Radio City concert was a generations-spanning, culminating celebration of the late-career resurgence of John Prine, who over the past decade has unknowingly and unassumingly taken on the role of spiritual and musical godfather to an entire generation of 20- and 30-something country/folk-leaning singer-songwriters.

Playing at Radio City for the first time in his 50-year career, Prine’s age-weathered voice was in fine form from the onset, accentuating the time-tested vulnerability on old classics (“Hello in There”) and newly personal confessions (“Boundless Love”) alike.

The night came to a fitting close when Prine, joined by his wife, son, Carlile and several kazoos, bade farewell to the capacity crowd with his new album closer “When I Get to Heaven.” Prine delivered the song’s gently-strummed verses in a captivating, fully a cappella arrangement before erupting into the song’s ramshackle sing-along chorus with the band. But before he took his final bow, the singer neatly summed up the celebratory evening with the song’s final words. “This old man,”Prine sang, “is going to town.”

Do you want to know how I felt after reading that? It was exactly the same feeling I had 57 years earlier on the day that the carnival left town without me. And instead of a good luck charm in my pocket, I’m left with this special duet. Guess it’s just the way the world goes around.

This article was originally published as an Easy Ed’s Broadside column over at No Depression: The Journal of Roots Music.